QRZ! Ham Radio 4/QRZ Ham Radio Callsign Database - Volume 4.iso/digests/infoham/940910.txt

Internet Message Format | 1994-11-13 | 27KB

Date: Sat, 13 Aug 94 09:28:50 PDT
From: Info-Hams Mailing List and Newsgroup <[e-mail]>
Errors-To: [e-mail]
Reply-To: [e-mail]
Precedence: Bulk
Subject: Info-Hams Digest V94 #910
To: Info-Hams


Info-Hams Digest            Sat, 13 Aug 94       Volume 94 : Issue  910

Today's Topics:
                   ..from an aspiring ham (2 msgs)
                           ARLX024 <title>
Communications Quarterly , was Qs on no code FCC license and Hardware
               Homebrew Global Positioning System (GPS)
                           ICOM 3200a MODS?
                         In plain English...
      Need some help with the design of an Operational Amplifier
                             QSL services
              This Week in Amateur Radio - Edition #072
                  VOA Internet Audio Debuts Aug. 15
                    Where did Beverage come from?

Send Replies or notes for publication to: <[e-mail]>
Send subscription requests to: <[e-mail]>
Problems you can't solve otherwise to [e-mail].

Archives of past issues of the Info-Hams Digest are available
(by FTP only) from UCSD.Edu in directory "mailarchives/info-hams".

We trust that readers are intelligent enough to realize that all text
herein consists of personal comments and does not represent the official
policies or positions of any party.  Your mileage may vary.  So there.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: Sat, 13 Aug 1994 08:57:37 GMT
From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!dog.ee.lbl.gov!overload.lbl.gov!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!gatech!swrinde!emory!rsiatl!ke4zv![e-mail]
Subject: ..from an aspiring ham
To: [e-mail]

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Herb Duncan) writes:
>Joseph
>I would suggest looking into a rather modern, used ALL-MODE 2 meter rig.
>The reason is you may eventually become bored with FM.  There is a lot of less
>than technical talk on the repeaters.

That depends on the *people* using the repeater system. Some conversations
are quite interesting, others less so. It's what *you* make it rather
than the mode you use that makes for interesting or boring operations.

>Packet with keep you busy if you
>have access to some good servers in your area.

Packet can be interesting, it's normally done with FM radios though,
so the multimode doesn't come into play here either. Packet is also
a very cooperative venture, depending on the *people* involved, it
can be great, or boring.

>I find SSB and CW an
>interesting challenge on 2m.  It does require a horizontally polarized
>antenna though.  (down 30 dB if cross polarize)  SSB and CW would be
>something to grow into.  Good results take a good station.  But it is very
>possible work out 600 miles on lite tropo enhancements and out about 1400
>miles using meteor bursts, sporadic-E, FAI, etc.

Weak signal work *can* be interesting, though it's usually brief periods
of excitment separating long boring periods of no activity. In general,
very little content is passed, and contacts are interesting mostly for
the odd quirks of propagation they illustrate. Having a multimode for
this purpose is a good way to start, but if you're serious you'll want
something better than the commercial offerings. A transverter in front
of a top notch HF rig is a good way to go, and of course, improving
preamps and antennas will occupy much of your idle time. Building amps
can occupy most of the rest.

Another use for a multimode is the amateur satellites. Here you'll
find contacts that range from the contentless DX types of the weak
signal crowd to the full blown technical or non-technical ragchews
heard on repeaters. Plus there's the spice of having HF-like range
and the fillip of using a spaceborne asset. And there's a moderate
technical challenge as well in erecting adequate antennas and tracking
the satellites.

>Anyway, something you may want to check into incase you buy only ONE rig.
>I found HTs just didn't have the power I needed to work stations without a
>repeater and the repeaters were always busy when I wanted to operate.  The
>ARRL has an informative book titled something like "VHF: beyond the
>horizon".

I agree that a HT is terribly limiting, and wouldn't recomend it as a
first rig to anyone. However, the repeater spectrum sits idle most of
the day. There's usually always room for you to have a QSO. Even on
busy repeaters, joining a conversation is almost always welcomed.
Contacts are what *you* make them. Have something interesting to say,
and people will want to talk with you.

Gary
--
Gary Coffman KE4ZV          |    You make it,     | gatech!wa4mei!ke4zv!gary
Destructive Testing Systems |    we break it.     | uunet!rsiatl!ke4zv!gary
534 Shannon Way             |    Guaranteed!      | emory!kd4nc!ke4zv!gary
Lawrenceville, GA 30244     |                     | [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 12 Aug 1994 12:40:21 -0100
From: library.ucla.edu!csulb.edu!nic-nac.CSU.net!charnel.ecst.csuchico.edu!yeshua.marcam.com!news.kei.com!eff!blanket.mitre.org!linus.mitre.org!newsflash.mitre.org![e-mail]
Subject: ..from an aspiring ham
To: [e-mail]

Joseph
I would suggest looking into a rather modern, used ALL-MODE 2 meter rig.
The
reason is you may eventually become bored with FM.  There is a lot of less
than technical talk on the repeaters.  Packet with keep you busy if you
have access to some good servers in your area.  I find SSB and CW an
interesting challenge on 2m.  It does require a horizontally polarized
antenna though.  (down 30 dB if cross polarize)  SSB and CW would be
something to grow into.  Good results take a good station.  But it is very
possible work out 600 miles on lite tropo enhancements and out about 1400
miles using meteor bursts, sporadic-E, FAI, etc.
Anyway, something you may want to check into incase you buy only ONE rig.
I found HTs just didn't have the power I needed to work stations without a
repeater and the repeaters were always busy when I wanted to operate.  The
ARRL has an informative book titled something like "VHF: beyond the
horizon".
Welcome to Ham Radio,
Herb     WE7L
[e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 12 Aug 1994 18:46:54 MDT
From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!news.cerf.net!gopher.sdsc.edu!nic-nac.CSU.net!charnel.ecst.csuchico.edu!psgrain!nntp.cs.ubc.ca!alberta!ve6mgs![e-mail]
Subject: ARLX024 <title>
To: [e-mail]

SB SPCL @ ARL $ARLX024
ARLX024 <title>

ZCZC AX56
QST de W1AW
Special Bulletin 24  ARLX024
>From ARRL Headquarters
Newington CT  August 12, 1994
To all radio amateurs

SB SPCL ARL ARLX024
ARLX024 title

FAR scholarships awarded

The Maryland-based foundation for Amateur Radio has announced the
1994 winners of the 50 college scholarships that it administers. The
top, 2000 dollar(s) winner was Extra Class licensee Craig A. Gullickson,
KC6CEX, 20, of Fresno, California.

Awarded a 1200 dollar(s) scholarship was 17-year-old Stefnee Lindberg, N0ONP,
of Kansas City, Missouri, an Advanced class licensee.

20 students received scholarships of  1000 dollar(s).

These scholarships are open to all radio amateurs meeting the
qualifications and residence requirements of the various sponsors.
The non-profit Foundation represents more than 50 clubs in Maryland,
northern Virginia, and the District of Columbia.

For more information and application forms for 1995 scholarships
contact FAR, 6903 Rhode Island Avenue, College Park, MD 20740.


NNNN
/EX

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 12 Aug 1994 19:46:04 GMT
From: att-out!nntpa![e-mail]
Subject: Communications Quarterly , was Qs on no code FCC license and Hardware
To: [e-mail]

In article <[e-mail]>,
Gary Coffman <[e-mail]> wrote:
>
>As for magazines, well of course you want QST, which you'll get when
>you join the ARRL. The best magazine is Communications Quarterly,

Does Communications Quarterly have a particular focus ...contesting,
build-it project, DXing, etc. ?

Ken

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 13 Aug 1994 08:25:14 GMT
From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!dog.ee.lbl.gov!overload.lbl.gov!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!swrinde!emory!rsiatl!ke4zv![e-mail]
Subject: Homebrew Global Positioning System (GPS)
To: [e-mail]

In article <32ggg8$[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Mark Austin) writes:
>
>I had an idea.  How about linking up a GPS with a cellular phone and
>a large battery to power both for a couple of days.  Then dial a number
>on the cellular where you want the GPS to send it's location info and
>drop the whole bundle into someone's car.  Since GPS info can be used
>with several very cheap street mapping systems (Delorme for one) you'll
>be able to sit at home and watch them driving down the street on
>your home computer.  Should be able to do this cheap.  A couple of
>hundred dollars (with cheap GPS and cheap phone).  I have no ideas
>on keeping cellular costs down though.  One thought would be to set
>the phone to answer and power up the whole gizmo and then shut down
>after a call is placed into it.  You wouldn't get a continuous
>signal but you'd be able to find where someone is on demand (if they're
>within cellular calling range).  Such a setup could last for a LONG
>time with the proper battery.

You aren't going to be able to get a GPS and cell phone for a couple
hundred dollars. The cheapest GPS receivers are around $400, and so
are cell phones unless you roll their cost into a long term service
contract. And monthly and per minute cell phone charges will mount
up fairly rapidly. By using packet radio, amateur or commercial,
you can send position updates on a regular basis without incurring
quite as much cost.

DeLorme Mapping and City Streets are a couple of commercial map
systems that work with GPS. However, APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting
System) is in some ways better. While it lacks the friendly user
interface of the commercial products, and it's pre-made map databases
are skimpy, you can make your own maps, and it works with local and
remote GPS receivers (using packet UI frames for the latter). It also
supports other information about the remote sites such as range and
bearing data from DF equipment, and arbitary text messages.

However, what many of us want is *differential* GPS. The Coast Guard,
FAA, and others send out position deltas from a fixed benchmark
receiver that are received and used to correct the reading of the local
GPS receiver. These transmissions are either at MF or VHF depending on
the system. A special receiver is required, and either a GPS receiver
designed to work with differential signals, or a PC that can take the
timestamped position reports and reconcile them via software, is used
to give a true position. This method removes the deliberate SA jitter,
and other error sources such as varying atmospheric propagation factors,
from the position data. This allows much greater precision in determining
location than raw GPS alone.

It would be nice if the APRS author would support this mode in his
software. Some of us are willing to set up benchmark receivers on
the amateur bands. That timestamped data could be used to correct
the positions reported by the rover receivers over packet.

Gary
--
Gary Coffman KE4ZV          |    You make it,     | gatech!wa4mei!ke4zv!gary
Destructive Testing Systems |    we break it.     | uunet!rsiatl!ke4zv!gary
534 Shannon Way             |    Guaranteed!      | emory!kd4nc!ke4zv!gary
Lawrenceville, GA 30244     |                     | [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 13 Aug 1994 03:46:38 GMT
From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!news.cerf.net!gopher.sdsc.edu!nic-nac.CSU.net!charnel.ecst.csuchico.edu!psgrain!library.ucla.edu!csulb.edu!csus.edu!netcom.com![e-mail]
Subject: ICOM 3200a MODS?
To: [e-mail]

I've checked the Finnish and Oakland site for 3200a mods and
have the d19 receiver recovery time mod, but wondered if
others exist?  Any 3200a owners out there with xtended receive or xmit?

73 k06eb

--
Grady Ward       |  For information and free samples on | "Look!"
[e-mail] |  royalty-free Moby natural language  |  -- Madame Sosostris
[phone]  |  lexicons (largest in the world),    |     A91F2740531E6801
(voice/24hr FAX) |  run:        finger [e-mail] |     5B117D084B916B27

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 13 Aug 1994 09:06:46 GMT
From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!dog.ee.lbl.gov!overload.lbl.gov!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!swrinde!emory!rsiatl!ke4zv![e-mail]
Subject: In plain English...
To: [e-mail]

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Marc DePaul) writes:
>Thanks to all who have written.
>
>By the way, I've stated that the antenna tuner is OPEN.  It's
>a balanced -balanced antenna tuner with a huge vari cap and
>two roller inductors.  I'm using open wire line.  I'm NOT
>using the "typical?" rig--coax--antenna set up.  Damn, I knew
>I liked 40 meters for a reason (maybe it made me feel physically
>better too!...)

I'd shield that sucker. Not only is it a source of EM radiation
leakage on frequency, it's also a source of harmonic leakage,
and a high voltage hazard. Good engineering practice says such
tuners should be well shielded. As amateurs, we're required to
follow good engineering practice by Part 97.

Gary
--
Gary Coffman KE4ZV          |    You make it,     | gatech!wa4mei!ke4zv!gary
Destructive Testing Systems |    we break it.     | uunet!rsiatl!ke4zv!gary
534 Shannon Way             |    Guaranteed!      | emory!kd4nc!ke4zv!gary
Lawrenceville, GA 30244     |                     | [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: Wed, 10 Aug 1994 16:15:19 GMT
From: psinntp!arrl.org![e-mail]
Subject: Need some help with the design of an Operational Amplifier
To: [e-mail]

[e-mail] wrote:
: hello there,

:     I have a question concerning design of a simple amplifier using
: operational amplifiers. I am simply designing a noninverting amplifier with a
: gain of 2, that is R1=R2 ( Closed Loop Gain=(1+R2/R1) ). No matter what I apply
: to the input of the amp the output always saturates to -11 Volts. Even if no
: input is applied the output still gives a -11V.
: The voltages that I am applying to the Vcc+ and Vcc- of the op amp are +12V and
: -12V respectively. I am using the LM 741 opamp for this application.

:     Does anybody in this group happen to know what the problem might be?

Hard to tell without seeing the circuit. One possibility: make sure you
have a dc return for the noninverting input. If you couple to the input
with a series capacitor (including, possibly, one that might be in the
output circuit of whatever audio circuit you use to drive the op amp),
put a resistor to ground from the noninverting input pin. A 10k
resistor should do.
--
Jon Bloom KE3Z   [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: Thu, 11 Aug 94 10:00:05 PDT
From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!dog.ee.lbl.gov!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!cs.utexas.edu!csc.ti.com!tilde.csc.ti.com!sislnews.csc.ti.com![e-mail]
Subject: QSL services
To: [e-mail]


> How do QSL services work?   How much do they cost?
>
> Scott


Scott: I assume you are asking about a DX QSL service and not
the QSL bureau system.

A QSL service takes your outgoing cards and forwards each card
to the appropriate place for confirmation (via manager, bureau,
etc.). There is a cost per card, but that is determined by the
QSL service. The N7RO QSL Service just went out of business this
month, but was picked up by Les, WF5E. Write to Les and ask about
his service and cost per card.

73, Bob Winn, W5KNE
[e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 12 Aug 1994 22:47:47 MDT
From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!dog.ee.lbl.gov!overload.lbl.gov!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!gatech!newsxfer.itd.umich.edu!nntp.cs.ubc.ca!alberta!ve6mgs![e-mail]
Subject: This Week in Amateur Radio - Edition #072
To: [e-mail]

Here is a summary of news items covered on Edition #72 of "This Week in
Amateur Radio", North America's satellite-delivered audio bulletin service,
for the week ending 19-Aug:

1.   FCC Awards PCS Licenses After Successful First Spectrum Auction
2.   Vice President Gore Presents Award to FCC for "Reinventing Government"
3.   Amateur Radio Society and IARU Leaders Meet in Germany
4.   CQ/50 Award Guidelines and Rules Released for Magazine's 50th Anniversary
5.   "The RAIN Dial-up" from Chicago
6.   Phase 3-D Satellite Spaceframe Received at Orlando Facility for Assembly
7.   "EZSATS" with Dave Mullenix, N9LTD
8.   "Gateway 160 Meter Net Report" with Vern Jackson, WA0RCR
9.   Weekly Propagation Forecast with George Bowen, N2LQS
10.  "Amateur Radio Newsline" - Edition #887 from Los Angeles

Funding for the program's transmission, uplink, and production expenses was
provided this week by a grant from the Blue Ridge Video and Digital Society of
Roanoke, Virginia, where "This Week in Amateur Radio" is heard on the WB4QOJ
repeater on 147.21 MHz, serving Roanoke, Central Virginia, Southeastern West
Virginia, and North Central North Carolina.  Funding for "Newsline" was
provided by Brian Litzenberger, N0PMZ, of Garden City, Kansas.

"This Week in Amateur Radio" is a weekly amateur radio news and information
service, in audio newsmagazine format, which is produced by Community Video
Associates, Inc., a non-profit, charitable, tax-exempt foundation based in
Albany, New York.  The program is carried on the "Omega Radio Network" each
Saturday at 7:30 PM (EDT) on the Galaxy III commercial communications
satellite, transponder 17 (9H), 5.8 MHz wideband audio (4.040 GHz), located at
93.5 degrees west longitude in geosynchronous orbit, and can be heard on
various VHF/UHF repeaters throughout the United States and Canada, as well as
on 160 meters at 1860 kHz.  Contact your local amateur radio club or repeater
operator if "This Week in Amateur Radio" is not being heard in your area.

Production and transmission expenses are underwritten by contributions from
repeater system operators, amateur radio clubs, and individuals.  For further
information, contact Stephan Anderman, WA3RKB, at 518/877-7374, or George
Bowen, N2LQS, at 518/283-3665.  You may also reach them via amateur packet @
WA2UMX.#ENY.NY.USA.NA and on various landline bulletin board services.

Or here on Internet : KXKVI @delphi.com

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 13 Aug 1994 12:00:38 GMT
From: voa3![e-mail]
Subject: VOA Internet Audio Debuts Aug. 15
To: [e-mail]

>>>In accordance with U.S. law, program materials such as VOA newscasts and
>>>the VOA News and English Broadcasts radio newswire are provided exclusively
>>>for recipients outside the United States.
>>
>> So, if we are in the states, we technically cannot download the files?
>
>Or tune the radio to VOA?

Fear not, fellow residents of the United States.  The Radio Police
really will not nab you if you listen to VOA shortwave broadcasts or
download files from our public Internet server.

VOA's parent agency, the United States Information Agency, was
established by the U.S. Congress shortly after the Second World War to
provide information to other countries.  (VOA itself antedates USIA; it
was created in 1942 to counteract enemy propaganda.)  Our legislative
charter expressly prohibits us from seeking a domestic audience for our
program materials.  As others have pointed out previously in this
thread, Congress apparently included the prohibition in order to make
certain that the U.S. government could never convert USIA communication
facilities into the kind of internal propaganda apparatus operated by
the German government during the war.

Consequently, VOA radio programs, Worldnet television and USIA
publications are intended exclusively for recipients in other
countries.  Congress has enacted a few statutory exceptions that
permitted us to distribute specific programs to a domestic audience --
the most prominent exemption was for an award-winning film documentary
on the presidency and assassination of John F. Kennedy -- but the
general prohibition remains in effect.  However, it only restricts what
we as a government agency may do, not what United States residents may
hear or watch or read.

To get our programs to other countries, we obviously must use a number
of transport mechanisms that are publicly accessible inside the United
States: shortwave radio transmissions, satellite transponders and the
Internet.  We do not encourage those of you within the United States to
listen to or watch these programs as they are transmitted to other
countries, but no one in the government objects if you do.  (And even
if we did, it would be unconstitutional for us to try to stop you.)

On the other hand, I do strongly recommend that both residents of the
United States and residents of other countries avoid listening to the
BBC World Service, as there is mounting medical evidence that this can
corrupt your English pronunciation. . . .

--
Chris Kern     [e-mail]     ...uunet!voa3!ck     [phone]

------------------------------

Date: 13 Aug 94 13:13:31 GMT
From: [e-mail]
Subject: Where did Beverage come from?
To: [e-mail]

>I have seen other references to "beverage" in this group, but my
>handy-dandy Random House shows only the usual definition for
>the word.  What does it mean in ham-ese?
>
>
>David F. Jenkins                         [e-mail]
>Decision and Information Sciences
>Room 280-A MH
>University of Houston
>713/743-4725

Beverage was the name of the man who invented this type of antenna.  He passed
away about 1 1/2 years ago in his late 90's.

******************************************************************************
* Robert G. Schaffrath, N2JTX   * Internet:   [e-mail] *
* Systems Engineer              * CompuServe: 76330,1057                     *
* Maxwell House Coffee Company  * Phone:      [phone]                   *
* Kraft General Foods Corp.     * Slogan:     "ervice is ur mott"            *
******************************************************************************

------------------------------

Date: Sat, 13 Aug 1994 09:03:13 GMT
From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!dog.ee.lbl.gov!overload.lbl.gov!agate!howland.reston.ans.net!swrinde!emory!rsiatl!ke4zv![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <32egck$[e-mail]>, <32gbe5$[e-mail]>, <[e-mail]>rinde
Reply-To : [e-mail] (Gary Coffman)
Subject : Re: RF hazards

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Shel Darack) writes:
>jfilner ([e-mail]) wrote:
>: [e-mail] writes:
>:    While I agree that jury is definately still out on biological
>: effects of RF.  The speaker on the reciever at least is going to
>                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>: produce EM waves (but probably not RF waves),  if the reciever is
> ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>: poorly sheilded it may emit all sorts of EM waves.
>:                              [e-mail]
>
>
>No,NO, NO! The speaker produces air PRESSURE waves which can at
>sufficient volumes break the stalk like receptors in your ears
>and result in hearing loss. Now that might be one of the few
>established links to the danger of RF! And RF (radio frequency)
>waves ARE EM (electro magnetic) waves at particular frequlencies
>(radio).  'nuff said for now.
> Shel  WA2UBK

Actually, he's right. Speakers do produce time varying magnetic
fields from the voice coil. These are mostly induction fields
with little actual EM radiation. However, that *is* the kind of
low level field that researchers are currently studying to determine
if they have effects on biological systems. In this regard, the
air pressure waves also produced by speakers can be viewed as merely
an annoying *side effect* of their magnetic induction field production.

Gary
--
Gary Coffman KE4ZV          |    You make it,     | gatech!wa4mei!ke4zv!gary
Destructive Testing Systems |    we break it.     | uunet!rsiatl!ke4zv!gary
534 Shannon Way             |    Guaranteed!      | emory!kd4nc!ke4zv!gary
Lawrenceville, GA 30244     |                     | [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: Thu, 11 Aug 1994 21:47:12 GMT
From: ihnp4.ucsd.edu!usc!howland.reston.ans.net!gatech!news-feed-1.peachnet.edu!news.duke.edu!solaris.cc.vt.edu!swiss.ans.net!malgudi.oar.net!witch!ted![e-mail]
To: [e-mail]

References <[e-mail]>, <32bm8a$[e-mail]>, <32bot3$[e-mail]><[e-mail]>ted
Reply-To : [e-mail] (Michael Silva)
Subject : Re: Which code learning method?  Why?


In article <[e-mail]>, Davin Bentti ([e-mail]) writes:
>
>> >    My exam used some variety of Farnsworth.
>>
>> The ARRL exams are as follows:
>>
>> 1A:  5 WPM at 16 WPM Farnsworth
>> 1B:  13 WPM at 18 WPM Farnsworth
>> 1C:  20 WPM at 22 or 23 WPM (can't remember)
>>
>> If you learn code Farnsworth, you'll have a easier time upgrading.
>
>       Now for a newbie question.  What is "Farnsworth"?  I am very confused
>as to how something can be 5WPM _and_ 16WPM at the same time.  I am
>thinking
>of getting a tech plus and looking into learning CW.
>
>       How do I learn code Farnsworth?
>
The Farnsworth method just means sending/receiving/learning the
individual characters at a higher speed, then stretching out the time
between characters to get the total wpm down.  The advantages are (1)
the higher character speed deters you from trying to count dits and
dahs (dah-and-four-dits...ummm...6) and helps you to learn the
characters as unified sounds, and (2) as you increase your speed, the
characters sound the same, just the time between them decreases.  I
think all the major CW tapes use Farnsworth, and all the major CW
software programs allow you to specify it.  Don't know about the ARRL
code practice transmissions -- haven't listened in a while.

Good luck.  It'll come easily enough if you don't fight it.  Whatever
you do, *don't* count dits and dahs, learn the characters as a combined
sound.

Mike, KK6GM


------------------------------

End of Info-Hams Digest V94 #910
******************************